د. ئومێد رفیق فتاح *                       م.زانا تۆفیق کاکەامین**

* پرۆفیسۆرى یاریدەدەر لە زانکۆى جيهان ـ سلێماني، توێژەر لە سەرۆکى سەنتەرى لێکۆڵینەوەى ئایندەیى:       [email protected]  [email protected]

 ** خوێندكارى دكتۆرا له‌ كۆلێژى زانسته‌ ڕامیارییه‌كان – زانكۆى سلێمانى / مامۆستا له‌ به‌شى یاسا – زانكۆى ڕاپه‌ڕین:  [email protected]

   وشە کلیلییەکان: جه‌نگ، تیۆرى جه‌نگى ڕه‌وا، ده‌ستێوه‌ردانى سه‌ربازى، دادپه‌روه‌رى، ئاشتى.

https://doi.org/10.31271/jopss.10039

پووخته‌ى توێژینه‌وه‌كه‌

جه‌نگى ڕه‌وا ئەو تیۆرەیە كه‌ پاساوى ئەخلاقی و یاسایى له‌ خۆده‌گرێت و بڕیاڕ له‌سه‌ر ئه‌وه‌ ده‌دات له‌ چ كات و بارودۆخێكدا ده‌وڵه‌تان بچنه‌ جه‌نگه‌وه‌. بۆیه‌ تیۆرى جه‌نگى ڕه‌وا و یاساى جه‌نگ به‌یه‌كداچوو و ڕه‌نگدانه‌وه‌ى یه‌كترن. ئه‌م تیۆره‌ خاوه‌ن مێژوویەكى دێرینه‌ له‌ ڕه‌وایه‌تى پێدان بە جه‌نگ  و سه‌ره‌تاى ده‌ركه‌وتنه‌كانى ده‌گه‌ڕێته‌وه‌ بۆ شاره‌ستانیه‌تى یۆنانی و ڕۆمانیه‌كان کە پاساوی پشتگیریكردنیان بۆ جه‌نگ له‌ پێناو چاكه‌ى گشتیدا بووە. له‌ سه‌ده‌كانى ناوه‌ڕاستیشدا دەسەڵاتی ئاینی ڕۆڵێكى گه‌وره‌ى هه‌بووه‌ له‌ ڕەوایەتیدان بە به‌كارهێنانى هێز له‌لایه‌ن ده‌سه‌ڵاتى سیاسیه‌وه‌. له‌ قۆناغى مۆدێرندا، سروشتى جه‌نگ و بنه‌ماكانى ده‌ستێوه‌ردان گۆڕانكاریان به‌سه‌ردا هاتووه‌ به‌شێوه‌یه‌ك ئه‌م تیۆره‌ په‌یوه‌ست ده‌بێت به‌ بوونیادنان و هاتنه‌كایه‌وه‌ى ده‌وڵه‌تى نه‌ته‌وه‌یى له‌ خۆرئاوادا. له‌ قۆناغى هاوچه‌رخیشدا (مایكڵ ۆڵزه‌ر) گه‌شه‌ى به‌ ئه‌م تیۆره‌داوه‌ بەشێوەیەک مافى تاكه‌كان دەبێتە بنەمای سەرەکی بۆ جه‌نگى ڕه‌وا. پرسیارى سه‌ره‌كى ئه‌م توێژینه‌وه‌یه‌ خۆى دەبینێتەوە له‌وه‌ى کە ئایە ده‌كرێت ڕه‌وایه‌تى به‌ جه‌نگ بدرێت و پاساوى بۆ بهێنرێته‌وه؟‌ یان چ كاتێك ده‌ستێوه‌ردان ڕەوا ده‌بێت؟ هه‌روه‌ها ئامرازه‌كانى به‌كارهێنانى ئه‌و هێزه‌ ده‌بێت چۆن بێت؟ توێژینه‌وه‌كه‌ له‌ ڕێگه‌ى خستنه‌ڕووى بنه‌ماو پرانسیپه‌كانى ئه‌م تیۆره‌ شیكردنه‌وه‌ و لێكدانه‌وه‌ بۆ ئه‌م پرسیارانە ده‌كات. بۆیه‌ گریمانه‌ى ئه‌وه‌ ده‌كرێت كه‌ جه‌نگ كاتێك ڕه‌وا ده‌بێت كه‌ به‌پێى بنه‌ماکانی تیۆرى جه‌نگى ڕه‌وا بڕیارى له‌سه‌ر بدرێت. هه‌ریه‌كه‌ له‌ بنه‌ماى په‌یوه‌ست به‌ ڕەوایەتی چوونه‌جه‌نگ و چۆنیه‌تى به‌ڕێوه‌چوونى جه‌نگ و دادپه‌روه‌رى و ئاشتى دواى جه‌نگ له‌ خۆبگرێت.

ملخص البحث:

نظرية الحرب العادلة في السياسة الدولية  “دراسة نظرية”

الحرب العادلة نظرية تحتوي على المسوغات الاخلاقية والقانونية، وتحدد الوقت والظروف التي يسمح للدول بدخول الحرب. لذلك ان نظرية الحرب العادلة و قانون الحرب مرآة لبعضها البعض. إذ ان الاولى صاحبة تأريخ عريق في اعطا الشرعية للحرب. يرجح ظهورها الى الحضارتين الاغريقية والرومانية. إذ ان المصلحة العامة كانت مبرراً للحرب لديهم. وفي العصور الوسطى لعبت السلطة الدينية دوراً بارزاً في اعطا الشرعية باستخدام القوة لدى السلطة السياسية. وفي الحقبة الحديثة شهدت طبيعة الحرب ومبادئ التدخل تغيراتا بحيث، تنفيذ تلك النظرية ببناء ونشأة الدولة القومية في الغرب. وفي المرحلة المعاصرة ان (مايكل ولزر) طورت النظرية بحيث تصبح حقوق الأفراد مبدأ رئيسيآ للحرب العادلة. يتمثل السؤال الرئيسي هذ الدراسة في انه هل بالامكان اعطاء الشرعية للحرب و ابداء المبررات لها أو متى يكون التدخل مشروعاً؟ وكيف تكون ادوات إستخدام القوة ؟ تعمل الدراسة على تحليل وتفسير الاسئلة المذكورة من خلال عرض مبادئ واصول تلك النظرية، لذلك يفترض بأن الحرب تكون عادلة عندما تقرر عليها من خلال مبادئ نظرية الحرب العادلة. وكل من المبادئ المتعلقة بشرعية الدخول في الحرب و كيفية إجراء الحرب وإحتواء ختامها على العدالة والسلام.

Abstract

Just war theory in the International Politics

“Theoretical study”

Just war is a theory that contains moral and legal justifications, and governs the time and circumstances in which states are allowed to enter the war. Therefore, just war theory and the laws of war are reflecting to each other. The first has a long history of legitimizing war and its appearance possibly goes back to the Greek and Roman civilisation as the public interest was a reasoning for their wars. In the Middle-Ages, religious authority played a significant role in legitimizing the use of force by political authority. In the modern era, the nature of war and the principles of intervention have undergone changes, so that the implementation of that theory built and established the nation-state in the West. In contemporary times, Michael Walzer developed the theory so that individual rights became a central principle of just war. The main question of this study is whether war can be legitimized and reasonable or when intervention is legitimate?  As well as how the forces are used?  This study examines and explains the mentioned questions by presenting the roots and principles of that theory. Thus, it is assumed that a war is just when it is decided through the principles of a just war theory. This theory deals with the justification of how and why wars are fought. It can be concluded that Just war is a last resort and that its essential aim is always peace and Justice.

لیستی سه‌رچاوه‌كان:

Books and book chapters:

1. H. Liddell Hart, Strategy (New York: Random House, 1974).
2. Best, Geoffrey. War and Law since 1945. Oxford University Press, 1997.
3. Burke, Ciarán. An equitable framework for humanitarian intervention. Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013.
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5. Christopher, Paul. The ethics of war and peace: An introduction to legal and moral issues. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall, 1994.
6. Eric A. Heinze and Brent J. Steele, eds., Ethics, Authority, and War: Non-State Actors and the Just War Tradition (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).
7. Grotius quoted in P. Christopher, The Ethics of War and Peace (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1994).
8. Grotius, Hugo. The rights of war and peace: Including the law of nature and of nations. MW Dunne, 1901.
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10. Johnson, James Turner. Ethics and the Use of Force: Just War in a Historical Perspective (Ashgate, 2011).
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12. Kamm, Frances Myrna. Ethics for Enemies: Terror, Torture, and War. Oxford University Press, 2011.
13. Kellison, Rosemary. Expanding responsibility for the just war: a feminist critique. Cambridge University Press, 2018.
14. Khalife, Ryan A. “Drone Strikes: The Moral, Political, and Legal Implications of the Changing Character of War.”Thesis, Oregon State University (2018).
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16. Lango, John W. The Ethics of Armed Conflict: A Cosmopolitan Just War Theory. Edinburgh University Press, 2018.
17. Mattox, John Mark. St. Augustine and the Theory of Just War. A&C Black, 2006.
18. Murphy, James G. “Just War Thought and the Notion of Peace.” In The Nature of Peace and the Morality of Armed Conflict, pp. 105-122. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham, 2017.
19. O’Donovan, Oliver. The just war revisited. Vol.2. Cambridge University Press, 2003.
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21. Ramsey, Paul. The just war: force and political responsibility. Rowman & Littlefield, 2002.
22. Richard B. Miller, Interpretations of Conflict: Ethics, Pacifism, and the Just War Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991).
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24. Walzer, Michael. Arguing about war. Yale University Press, 2008.
25. Walzer, Michael. Just and unjust wars: A moral argument with historical illustrations. Basic books, 2015.

Academic articles:

1. Aloyo, Eamon. “Just war theory and the last of last resort.” Ethics & International Affairs 29, no. 2 (2015).
2. Bass, Gary J. “Jus post bellum.” Philosophy & Public Affairs 32, no. 4 (2004).
3. Burke, Anthony. “Just war or ethical peace? Moral discourses of strategic violence after 9/11.”International affairs 80, no. 2 (2004).
4. Calhoun, Laurie. “Legitimate authority and “Just War” in the modern world.” Peace & Change 27, no. 1 (2002).
5. Clifford III, George M. “Jus post bellum: foundational principles and a proposed model.” Journal of Military Ethics 11, no. 1 (2012).
6. Cole, Darrell. “War and intention.” Journal of Military Ethics 10, no. 3 (2011).
7. Douglas, Mark. “Changing the rules: Just war theory in the twenty-first century.”Theology Today 59, no. 4 (2003).
8. Fabre, Cecile. “Cosmopolitanism, just war theory and legitimate authority.” International Affairs 84, no. 5 (2008).
9. Harbour, Frances V. “Reasonable probability of success as a moral criterion in the western just war tradition.” Journal of Military Ethics 10, no. 3 (2011).
10. Harrer, Gustave Adolphus. “Cicero on peace and war.” The Classical Journal 14, no. 1 (1918).
11. Hurka, Thomas. “Proportionality in the Morality of War.”Philosophy & Public Affairs 33, no. 1 (2005).
12. Johnson, J. “Morality and Contemporary Warfare.” Theological Studies 61, no.3 (2000).
13. Kellison, Rosemary. Expanding responsibility for the just war: a feminist critique, 2018.
14. Martin, Rex. “Just wars and humanitarian interventions.”Journal of social philosophy 36, no. 4 (2005).
15. McMahan, Jeff. “Just cause for war.”Ethics & International Affairs 19, no.3 (2005).
16. Mednicoff, David M. “Humane wars? International law, Just War theory and contemporary armed humanitarian intervention.”Law, culture and the humanities 2, no. 3 (2006).
17. Merkel, Wolfgang. “Democracy through war?.” Democratisation 15, no. 3 (2008).
18. Morris, Michael C. “Predator Free New Zealand and the ‘War’on Pests: Is it a just War?.” Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 33, no. 1 (2020).
19. Orend, Brian. “Jus post bellum: The perspective of a just-war theorist.”Leiden Journal of International Law 20, no. 3 (2007).
20. Orend, Brian. “Just and lawful conduct in war: reflections on Michael Walzer.” Law and Philosophy (2001).
21. Orend, Brian. “Justice after war.” Ethics & International Affairs 16, no. 1 (2002).
22. Österdahl, Inger, and Esther Van Zadel. “What will jus post bellum mean? Of new wine and old bottles.” Journal of Conflict & Security Law 14, no. 2 (2009).
23. Steinhoff, Uwe. “Just Cause and ‘Right Intention’.” Journal of Military Ethics 13, no. 1 (2014).
24. Stewart, Kerry. “Just war and terrorism: a new policy perspective.” Digest of Middle East Studies 20, no. 2 (2011).
25. Von Elbe, Joachim. “The Evolution of the Concept of the Just War in International Law.” The American Journal of International Law33, no. 4 (1939).
26. Walzer, Michael. “Just and unjust occupations.”Dissent 51, no. 1 (2004).

Master and PhD Thesis:

1. Bowyer, Daren. “Just war doctrine: relevance and challenges in the 21st century.” PhD diss, cranfield university, (2008).
2. Campbell, Luke Bradley. “Just war, legitimate authority and non-state actors.” PhD diss., University of Missouri–Kansas City, 2011.
3. Gomes, Keith Jude. “A Comparative Grammar of Just War: Contrasting Augustinian Christian and Vedic Hindu Worldviews.” PhD diss., Carleton University, 2014.
4. Majima, Shunzo. “Ethics of civilian protection.” PhD diss., University of Birmingham, 2011.
5. Smith, Eric. “Just War Theory and Armed Non-State Actors.” PhD diss. Auburn University, 2015.

 

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